The homeostatic drive for sleep builds with increasing hours of wakefulness (Process S), while circadian rhythms create a propensity for sleep at specific times of day (Process C) 7. Sleep arises from the combination of two physiological processes. Importantly, the physiological effects of sleep deprivation persist, even after 1–2 nights of sleep recovery, despite the subjects’ perception of restored health 5, 6. Short sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality 2– 4, highlighting sleep’s critical role in maintaining health. REM sleep also plays a role in learning and memory, but its specific functions still require elucidation 1. NREM sleep is essential for memory consolidation, clearance of brain metabolites, secretion of growth hormone and brain development 1. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep induces vivid dreams and is characterized by wake-like brain activity paired with low muscle tone 1. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is dreamless sleep and is comprised of three sub-stages of specific brain activity: N1 (light sleep), N2 (characterized by electroencephalogram sleep spindles) and N3 (slow wave or delta sleep) 1. Mammalian sleep is divided into two stages 1. Almost all animals sleep and humans spend about 30% of their life sleeping 1. Sleep plays a vital role in our physiology.
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